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Commonwealth v. Roose4/22/1998
[J-64-98] - 1[J-64-98]
OPINION OF THE COURT
This is an appeal by allowance from the order of the Superior Court which reversed the conviction of appellee, Robert Roose, for DUI, related summary traffic offenses, and possession of a small amount of marijuana. The Superior Court ruled that the traffic arrest leading to the convictions was conducted by constables who had no authority to enforce the Motor Vehicle Code. The sole issue is whether constables have authority to make traffic stops.
On January 25, 1994, shortly after midnight, two constables were waiting at a traffic light in the private automobile of one constable. They observed appellee make an illegal left turn, so they followed him. Appellee's pickup truck hit a snowbank then swerved in front of a bus. The constable's vehicle was equipped with flashing red and blue lights and a siren; he activated them after observing appellee's reckless driving. Appellee pulled over, and the constable asked him for his license and registration. When he failed to produce them, the constable ordered him out of his truck and ultimately arrested him, handcuffed him, and placed him in the back of the constable's vehicle. City police were contacted and arrived approximately fifteen minutes later. They took appellee to a hospital where blood and urine samples disclosed an alcohol content of .103 and .139% respectively (both higher than the legal limit of .10%).
Before trial, appellee filed a pretrial suppression motion, challenging the authority of a constable to make an arrest for motor vehicle code violations, seeking to suppress the alcohol and marijuana discovered in a search incident to the allegedly illegal arrest. A hearing on the motion was held before Judge Kathleen A. Durkin. Three months later, appellee was tried by Judge Durkin without a jury and was convicted of DUI, related summary traffic offenses, and possession of a small amount of marijuana. He was sentenced to 30 to 60 days imprisonment, 23 months probation, and fined for the summary offenses. On appeal to a panel of the Superior Court, appellee's judgment of sentence was reversed due to the court's determination that constables do not have the authority to arrest for violations of the vehicle code. We granted this appeal by allowance to consider the issue of a constable's authority to enforce the vehicle code.
The issue in this appeal mirrors the issue in Commonwealth v. Leet, 537 Pa. 89, 641 A.2d 389 (1994), which addressed the question whether sheriffs and deputy sheriffs have the authority to enforce the motor vehicle code. We now consider the authority of constables and deputy constables in the same context. Leet analyzed the common law authority of sheriffs, concluding that from ancient times, sheriffs possessed the authority to make arrests for breaches of the peace and that such common law authority had not been abrogated by statute, so that sheriffs were authorized to enforce the motor vehicle code by virtue of the common law. Using the same analytical approach, we cannot reach the same Conclusion with regard to constables.
First, the same sources referred to in Leet, which provided a rich history of the common law development of the powers of the sheriff, are silent with reference to the authority of the constable. Of all the sources cited in Leet, only Blackstone discusses the constable.
Blackstone described the office of the constable, who at one time performed what might be called ceremonial duties at high functions. Blackstone refers to petty constables having law en-forcement duties, but the duties are somewhat uncertain and seem to be ". . . laid upon constables by a diversity of statutes. . . ." Blac
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