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Reed v. Maryland9/6/1978
nce should not be allowed in court. In his case there were other motives that could cause him to say that.
"BY MR. SHAW:
"Q What were those motives?
"A Financial. For one thing, I know he applied for grants for studies in this field, and obviously if he spoke for the case there would be no reason for the grant being given to him because of the previous grant given to Dr. Tosi, the results of those studies.
"In other words, the Courts have decided the results of Dr. Tosi's studies were sufficient. You would have to have a very good reason to come with something that is opposite to that."
Dr. Jansen explained his conversion:
"THE COURT: . . .
"We have talked in somewhat general terms . . .[,] Dr. Jansen. Apparently you were unconvinced that the reliability had gotten high enough for your purposes for you to recommend the use of voiceprint or spectrographic analysis in courts of law until you had done further work and saw some of the refinements and techniques being employed.
"What particularly did you see? What is new to you, or what has changed your opinion in this regard, and why?
"THE WITNESS: Yes. I think I can say it in terms of this exhibit we have here. The bold lines drawn in there refer to the formants of the speech. Previously I used only those lines in comparing speakers. What I found when I came here was that very often there is additional information around those lines, bordering them or in between them, that is not really relevant to the speech, but this additional information I felt can sometimes be extremely useful for identifying the speaker. I may say that I found that that information is not always there. In other words, you cannot take any two samples of one and the same person's voice in which he says one and the same thing. I don't think you are going to find all those things. You have got to keep
comparing some of the samples until you do find something like that. If the people are not the same, you are not going to find that. I have never found it in my experience. But if you do find those similarities, then in my experience I only found that when the people were actually the same. It is never that the people were not the same and that you found these kinds of similarities.
"THE COURT: Would this be, for example, the lapse or space that occurs between words in speech?
"THE WITNESS: Not so much that, Your Honor. I can say that these main black lines would be its main regions of energy. The other thing I am talking about are to a certain extent secondary regions of energy. A person controls the main line. That is what is needed to understand the speech. He does not try to control the secondary amount of energy from his mouth. That is not really relevant to the speech, and because he doesn't really bother about controlling that, it always turns out that remains very constant, even though he tries to change his voice to make it different. He is not aware of these secondary amounts of energy.
"THE COURT: How are they depicted or shown?
"THE WITNESS: They are shown as much fainter lines. They are not nearly as dark as the main regions. They are very faint. Sometimes they are not even there. When you do find them in both cases, you can see how closely these would resemble each other.
"THE COURT: In your prior studies you used apparently examiners with no prior training?
"THE WITNESS: That's right, Your Honor.
"THE COURT: One of your qualifications in changing your opinion is that the examiners be competently trained?
"THE WITNESS: Very much. Hav
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