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State v. Beauregard1/2/2003
Defendant was charged with operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor (DUI), second offense, 23 V.S.A. § 1201(a)(2). He entered a conditional plea of guilty, reserving the right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress evidence based on his contention that the initial traffic stop was illegal. On appeal, defendant argues that the stop was a violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and that Vermont's defective equipment statute is unconstitutionally vague as applied in the context of noisy mufflers. We affirm.
*473 2. The trial court's decision was based upon testimony from trooper Vincent DiMauro that on the evening of July 20, 2001, he was on duty, sitting stationary in his cruiser at a highway exit in Hartland, Vermont. The time was around dusk, and his windows were open. The trooper's attention was drawn to an older Jeep Wagoneer approaching without its headlights on. The trooper described the sound of the exhaust as "a loud raspy noise versus a low mellow sound from a modified exhaust system." The trial court found that trooper DiMauro was an "experienced listener" on the basis of testimony that the trooper had once owned an older model Jeep and had experience working on automobile exhaust systems. The trooper thought that the sound was consistent with a perforated muffler. He stated that he stopped the Jeep, which was driven by Beauregard, because he thought that the car was being operated in violation of 23 V.S.A. § 1244, which requires that drivers illuminate headlights when necessary to provide adequate visibility, and in violation of 23 V.S.A. § 1221, which prohibits the operation of a motor vehicle that is not in good mechanical condition on a highway. Beauregard was subsequently arrested and processed for DUI. Defendant moved to suppress the evidence from the stop on the grounds that he did not violate 23 V.S.A. § 1244 because the stop occurred within thirty minutes of sunset and light was adequate to meet the statutory requirements, and that he did not violate 23 V.S.A. § 1221 because there are no standards for noise emissions from motor vehicles and noise was not a reasonable basis for believing that Beauregard's vehicle had defective equipment.
**185 3. The lower court denied the motion to suppress. The court agreed with defendant that there was no headlight violation, but it held that the trooper could conduct a motor vehicle stop on the basis of a noisy exhaust system. This appeal followed.
4. The issue on appeal is whether a noisy exhaust system can provide a reasonable basis for a motor vehicle stop given that there is no specific statute regulating noise emissions. Since this is a question of law, we review it de novo. See State v. Longe, 170 Vt. 35, 36, 743 A.2d 569, 570 (1999) (questions of law reviewed de novo).
5. Section 1221 of Title 23 requires that "[a] motor vehicle, operated on any highway, shall be in good mechanical condition and shall be properly equipped." Under Vermont law, in order to be "properly equipped," a car must have a muffler. 23 V.S.A. § 4(37). Thus to comply with the statute, cars driven in Vermont must have a muffler that is functioning "in good mechanical condition." It is true that the statute is silent as to the degree of noise that might establish that a muffler is not in compliance with the statute, but defendant was not stopped for a noise violation; he was stopped because the trooper suspected defective equipment. Therefore, the only question before us is whether the trooper had the ability to detect a problem with the muffler on the basis of the sounds he heard when the Jeep passed by his patrol car.
6. The trial court credited testimony from trooper DiMauro that the trooper had experi
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